Drawing upon evolutionary logic, leadership is reconceptualized in terms of the out
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come of strategic interactions among individuals who are following different, yet
complementary decision rules to solve recurrent coordination problems. This article
uses the vast psychological literature on leadership as a database to test several evo
lutionary hypotheses about the origins of leadership and followership in humans. As
expected, leadership correlates with initiative taking, trait measures of intelligence,
specific task competencies, and several indicators of generosity. The review finds no
link between leadership and dominance. The evolutionary analysis accounts for reliableage,
health, and sex differences in leadership emergence. In general,
evolutionary theory provides a useful, integrative framework for studying
leader-follower relationships and generates various novel research hypothese readmore
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